Journal of Recent Advances in Applied Sciences (pISSN 0970-1990)
JRAAS (pISSN 0970-1990) is an Indexed Journal. The first issue of Journal was published in 1986. JRAAS publishing Special Issues in Medicine & Surgery (Volume 40) on the occasion of completing it’s 40 year of publishing. Journal was being successfully run and managed by succeeding editors and thus, achieved the indexing in Clarivate Analytics Science Citation Index (SCI) with an Impact Factor of 0.5 during year 2012. Journal is also indexed in NCBI-NLM Catalogue; EBSCOhost database (ebscohost.com); CAS Source Index (CASSI); German Union Catalogue of Serials (ZDB); hbz union database, Germany, ZB MED search Portal Germany etc. Further, more than 150 leading Universities from USA, Germany, United Kingdom, Canada, New Zealand and South Africa have subscribed to the print issues of the journal. For more details visit the abstracting and indexing webpage of the journal. Abstracting and Indexing For detailed abstracting and indexing please about the journal section. https://internationalmedicalpublishing.com/index.php/JRAAS/about
A Comparative Study of Lichtenstein's Technique & Modified Lichtenstein Techniquein the Surgical Management of Inguinal Hernia
Introduction: Inguinal hernia repair is among the most commonly performed surgical procedures worldwide. The Lichtenstein tension-free mesh repair is the standard approach, though modifications have been introduced to reduce postoperative complications, chronic pain, and recurrence. Aim & Objective: This study aimed to compare the outcomes of the Modified Lichtenstein (ML) technique with the standard Lichtenstein (L) technique regarding postoperative complications, pain, and recurrence in patients undergoing open inguinal hernia repair. Materials & Methods: A prospective comparative study was conducted at the Department of Surgery, J.A. Group of Hospitals, G.R. Medical College, Gwalior. Seventy adult patients with inguinal hernia were randomly assigned to two groups: Group L (n=35) underwent standard Lichtenstein repair, and Group ML (n=35) underwent the Modified Lichtenstein repair. Demographic data, hernia type and side, intraoperative details, postoperative complications, pain scores, and recurrence were recorded and analyzed. Results: Both groups were comparable in age, gender, occupation, hernia type, and side, with most patients’ male (97.1%), aged 41–50 years (27.1%), right-sided hernia (55.7%), and indirect type (82.9%). All cases used spinal anesthesia and polypropylene mesh. Group L had significantly higher wound gaping (31.4% vs 5.7%, p=0.0118) and postoperative discharge (17.1% vs 0%, p<0.05). Seroma occurred in 11.4% of Group L and none in Group ML (p=0.1142). Mild pain predominated in Group ML at 24 and 48 hours, while moderate pain was more frequent in Group L. Recurrence at 11 months was observed in 17.1% of Group L and none in Group ML (p=0.0267). Conclusion: The Modified Lichtenstein repair is a safe, simple, and effective alternative to the standard technique, offering fewer postoperative complications, better pain control, and reduced short-term recurrence.
Inguinal hernia, Lichtenstein repair, Modified Lichtenstein technique, Mesh hernioplasty, Postoperative pain, Recurrence.
Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Recent Advances in Applied Sciences (pISSN 0970-1990)
The Promise & Peril of Personalized Medicine
Editorial In the last decade, the term personalized medicine has transformed from a futuristic buzzword into a tangible revolution at the heart of modern healthcare [1]. Once, medicine was an art of averages - a prescription for the “typical” patient, a treatment designed to fit the majority. Today, fueled by advances in genomics, data analytics, and biotechnology, medicine is moving toward an era where treatment is not only based on disease but tailored to the individual who bears it [2-4]. The promise is profound. Genetic profiling can now identify how a person might respond to a drug, detect predispositions to conditions like cancer or Alzheimer's, and even guide preventive measures long before symptoms appear [1,3]. In oncology, for instance, targeted therapies have already begun to replace traditional chemotherapy with precision strikes on specific genetic mutations [10]. For many patients, this shift has meant longer survival and a better quality of life [5,10]. Yet, beneath this optimism lies a complex web of ethical, social, and economic challenges. Personalized medicine demands vast amounts of data - from genetic codes to lifestyle metrics - raising urgent questions about privacy and consent [8,9]. Who owns our genetic information? Can it be used to discriminate in employment or insurance? Furthermore, as cutting-edge therapies often carry astronomical price tags, there is a risk that personalized medicine could deepen the divide between those who can afford bespoke care and those who cannot [5,6]. Equally important is the issue of access to technology and representation in research. The genetic data driving personalized medicine has historically been derived largely from populations of European descent [7]. If this imbalance continues, the so-called “personalization” may fail to serve humanity in its entirety, leaving large segments of the global population without effective therapies [9]. To ensure that personalized medicine fulfills its humanitarian promise, we must marry scientific progress with ethical foresight [8]. Governments, researchers, and healthcare providers must establish transparent data governance systems, ensure equitable access to treatments, and promote diversity in biomedical research [7–9]. Education, too, plays a vital role - both for clinicians, who must interpret complex genetic information, and for patients, who deserve to understand their own biology [2,4]. Personalized medicine represents not merely a technological shift, but a philosophical one: a move toward seeing each patient as a unique biological narrative [11]. The challenge ahead lies in ensuring that this revolution serves not just the fortunate few but the collective human story. If guided wisely, personalized medicine may become not just the future of healthcare, but the future of humanity's relationship with itself [9].
A Community-Driven Analysis of Home Delivery Preference among Tribal Families in Bhimpur Block, Madhya Pradesh
Introduction: Despite the expansion of institutional maternal health services in India, home delivery remains prevalent among tribal communities. Socio-cultural traditions, geographical isolation, economic constraints, and trust in traditional birth attendants continue to influence childbirth practices. Understanding these factors is essential for designing culturally responsive maternal health interventions. Aim & Objectives: The study aimed to analyze the socio-cultural, geographical, economic, and trust-based factors influencing the preference for home delivery among tribal communities in the Bhimpur Block of Betul district, Madhya Pradesh. The objectives included assessing awareness of government maternal health schemes, access to health facilities, and the role of elders and traditional dais in childbirth decision-making. Materials & Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study design was adopted. Purposive sampling was used to select 200 tribal elders from the villages of Guruwa, Pipariya, and Kasmarkhandi. Data was collected through face-to-face interviews using structured and semi-structured questionnaires. Descriptive statistics were employed for quantitative analysis, while thematic analysis was used for qualitative responses. Results: The findings revealed that 66% of respondents preferred home delivery. Cultural practices significantly influenced this preference (66%), along with a high level of trust in traditional dais (81%). Elders played a dominant role in childbirth decisions (90%). Awareness of ambulance services (82%) and the Janani Suraksha Yojana (64%) was moderate; however, only 29% were aware of a nearby delivery facility, and 61% perceived health facilities as geographically distant. Conclusion: The study concludes that the preference for home delivery is shaped by deeply rooted cultural norms, financial insecurity, limited accessibility, and trust-based relationships rather than mere personal choice. Culturally sensitive, decentralized maternal health strategies are essential to improve institutional delivery uptake in tribal regions.
Home delivery, Tribal communities, Institutional delivery, Elder decision-making, Maternal health, Bhimpur Block, Traditional birth attendants.
A Clinical Study of Socio-Demographic Variables and Their Correlation to Psychiatric Morbidities in Dermatological Disorders
Introduction: Psychological factors are increasingly recognized as important contributors to dermatological disorders. Many patients with skin diseases experience significant emotional distress, which negatively affects their quality of life and interferes with overall well-being. Symptoms such as anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, and social withdrawal are commonly reported. In addition to psychological variables, socio-demographic factors-including age, gender, marital status, educational level, and socioeconomic status may influence both the onset and prognosis of dermatological conditions. Understanding these associations is essential for guiding patient-centred and holistic management. Aim & Objective: The present study aims to evaluate socio-demographic variables and examine their correlation with psychiatric morbidities among patients with dermatological disorders. Materials & Methods: This hospital-based prospective study was conducted among patients attending the outpatient department (OPD) and inpatient ward of the Dermatology Department at B. S. Kushwah Medical College, Kanpur. Relevant socio-demographic information, along with psychiatric symptoms and diagnoses, was systematically assessed. Results: The findings demonstrate that gender, age, educational level, and socioeconomic status significantly influence the prevalence of psychiatric morbidities in dermatological patients. A statistically significant association was observed in married females, individuals aged 41–60 years, and those with education below the high-school level, who exhibited higher rates of psychiatric comorbidities compared to other groups. Conclusion: This study underscores the strong relationship between socio-demographic characteristics and psychiatric morbidities in patients with dermatological disorders. As individuals presenting to hospitals are more likely to have moderate to severe disease, these findings may not fully represent the general population of dermatology patients. Integrating psychological assessment and support into dermatological care may improve overall treatment outcomes and enhance quality of life.
Dermatological disorders, Psychiatric morbidity, Socio-demographic factors, Psychological distress, Quality of life, Mental health, Hospital-based study
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Recent Advances in Applied Sciences (pISSN 0970-1990)
Clinical & Ultrasonography Based Scoring to Predict Pre-Operatively the Conversionof Laparoscopic to Open Cholecystectomy - A Prospective Observational Study
Introduction: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is the standard procedure for gallbladder removal due to its minimally invasive nature and better postoperative outcomes. However, conversion to open cholecystectomy (OC) may be required in certain high-risk cases, leading to longer operative times and increased morbidity. Early identification of factors predictive of conversion is essential to improve surgical preparedness and patient counseling. Materials & Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted at the Department of General Surgery, J.A. Group of Hospitals, Gwalior, over 18 months. A total of 330 patients diagnosed with cholelithiasis and planned for LC were evaluated preoperatively using a clinical and ultrasonographic scoring system. Parameters included gallbladder morphology, wall thickness, stone size and location, number of attacks, duration of complaints, and comorbidities. Standard laparoscopic cholecystectomy was performed, and intraoperative conversion rates were recorded. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS-25, with ROC curve analysis used to identify predictive cutoff scores. Results: Out of 330 patients, 38 (11.5%) required conversion to OC. The conversion rate was significantly higher in patients aged 51–60 years (29.6%), those with multiple prior attacks (up to 83.3%), and those with complaints longer than 12 months (60.5%). Ultrasonographic factors such as gallbladder wall thickness >3 mm, stone at the neck, stone size ≥2 cm, and pericholecystic collection were significantly associated with conversion. A USG score cutoff of >8.5 predicted conversion with moderate sensitivity and specificity. Conclusion: Clinical and ultrasonographic parameters effectively predict the likelihood of conversion from LC to OC. The scoring system aids in risk stratification, surgical planning, and informed consent, ensuring better outcomes and resource optimization.
Laparoscopic cholecystectomy, conversion, ultrasonographic scoring, gallstone disease, predictive model
Efficacy of Using Voiding Time as A Uroflow Parameter for Detecting Urinary Obstruction in Men with Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms Due to Benign Prostatic Hyperplasiaia
Introduction: Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) is a common condition in aging men characterized by prostate enlargement that causes bladder outlet obstruction, leading to Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (LUTS) such as frequency, urgency, weak urine stream, and incomplete bladder emptying. Accurate assessment of urinary obstruction is essential for appropriate management; however, conventional diagnostic tools like pressure-flow studies are invasive and expensive. Therefore, identifying a simple, non-invasive, and cost-effective parameter such as voiding time may provide an alternative diagnostic approach. Aim & Objective: To evaluate the role of voiding time as a uroflowmetric parameter for detecting urinary obstruction in men with LUTS secondary to BPH and to determine its correlation with the severity of obstruction assessed by urodynamic and clinical parameters. Materials & Methods: A cohort of men diagnosed with BPH presenting with LUTS underwent uroflowmetry to record voiding time along with other parameters such as peak urinary flow rate (Qmax). These findings were compared with urodynamic study results and clinical assessments to analyze the correlation between voiding time and the degree of urinary obstruction. Results: The study demonstrated a significant association between prolonged voiding time and increased severity of urinary obstruction. Patients with longer voiding times exhibited reduced Qmax values and higher obstruction grades on urodynamic evaluation. Conclusion: Voiding time shows potential as a simple and practical indicator for detecting urinary obstruction in men with BPH-related LUTS. Its use could facilitate early diagnosis and timely management, improving patient outcomes and quality of life. Larger-scale studies are warranted to further validate its diagnostic utility.
Voiding time, Uroflowmetry, Urinary obstruction, Lower urinary tract symptoms, Benign prostatic hyperplasia, Peak urinary flow rate, Urodynamic studies, Non-invasive diagnostic tool, Urinary flow parameters
Intracameral use of Moxifloxacin in Prevention of Endophthalmitis after Cataract Surgery in a Tertiary Care Centre
Introduction: Postoperative endophthalmitis is a rare but vision-threatening complication of cataract surgery. The use of intracameral antibiotics, particularly moxifloxacin, has gained attention as a preventive measure due to its broad-spectrum coverage and safety profile. Aim & Objective: To determine the incidence of postoperative endophthalmitis following cataract surgery and to evaluate the preventive efficacy of intracameral moxifloxacin. Material & Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted over 18 months in a tertiary care ophthalmology department and included 2000 patients undergoing cataract surgery by a single surgeon to ensure consistency. Patients were divided into two groups: 1000 received intracameral moxifloxacin and 1000 served as controls. Adults above 18 years providing written consent were included, while those with traumatic or complicated cataracts, combined surgeries, or intraoperative complications were excluded. Data on demographics, intraoperative events, and postoperative infection were analyzed using STATA software. Result: The overall incidence of postoperative endophthalmitis was 0.25% (5/2000 patients). Among those, one case occurred in the moxifloxacin group and four in the control group. Most patients (over 90%) had uneventful surgeries, while posterior capsule rent was observed in 7–8% of cases. Causative organisms included Streptococcus pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. All affected patients presented with pain, lid edema, corneal edema, and hypopyon, with visual outcomes ranging from 6/60 to no light perception. Conclusion: The study observed a low incidence of postoperative endophthalmitis consistent with global data. Although intracameral moxifloxacin did not show a statistically significant reduction in infection rates, it remains a safe adjunct. Posterior capsule rent was a key risk factor, emphasizing meticulous surgical technique and infection control.
Cataract surgery, Endophthalmitis, Intracameral moxifloxacin, Posterior capsule rent, Prophylaxis
Study of Serum Electrolytes in Patients Presenting with Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Introduction: Electrolyte imbalances, particularly hyponatremia and hypokalemia, are common in acute exacerbation of COPD (AECOPD) and may worsen outcomes. Aim & Objective: To assess the prevalence and impact of serum electrolyte imbalances, specifically hyponatremia and hypokalemia, in patients with AECOPD. Materials & Methods: A prospective observational study included 113 AECOPD patients admitted to G.R. Medical College, Gwalior (May 2023–Sept 2024). Serum sodium and potassium were measured at admission and discharge. Clinical severity was assessed using mMRC and qSOFA scores, and associations with smoking status, ECG findings, recovery, hospital stay, and mortality were analyzed. Results: Most patients were male (79.6%), smokers (61.9%), and aged >70 years (45.1%). Hyponatremia and hypokalemia were observed in 55.8% and 43.4%, respectively, and were significantly associated with smoking. Lower electrolyte levels correlated with higher mMRC and qSOFA scores (p<0.05). Patients with electrolyte imbalances had delayed recovery, prolonged hospitalization, and higher mortality, with the worst outcomes in those with both imbalances. ECG changes, including sinus tachycardia and pulmonale, were more frequent in patients with these disturbances. Conclusion: Hyponatremia and hypokalemia are prevalent in AECOPD and linked to increased disease severity, longer hospital stay, and higher mortality. Early detection and correction of these imbalances are crucial to improve outcomes.
Acute exacerbation of COPD, hyponatremia, hypokalemia, serum electrolytes, mMRC, qSOFA, hospital outcomes, electrolyte imbalance
Unmasking the Hidden Uterine Cavity: Laparoscopic Excision of ACUM in an Adolescent Girl
Introduction: Accessory Cavitated Uterine Malformation (ACUM) is a rare congenital Müllerian anomaly characterized by a non-communicating accessory uterine cavity lined with functional endometrial tissue. It is usually located near the uterine cornua and presents in young, nulliparous women with severe dysmenorrhea and chronic pelvic pain. Due to its rarity and overlapping features with other gynecological disorders, ACUM is often misdiagnosed, delaying appropriate management. Case Presentation: An 18-year-old nulliparous female presented with severe, cyclical lower abdominal pain and dysmenorrhea persisting for three years, unresponsive to conventional medical therapy. Pelvic ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging revealed a well-defined intramyometrial cystic lesion near the right uterine horn, not communicating with the endometrial cavity, suggestive of ACUM. Laparoscopic evaluation confirmed the diagnosis, and the lesion was excised completely. Postoperative recovery was uneventful, and the patient reported complete resolution of dysmenorrhea during follow-up. Discussion: ACUM results from a developmental anomaly involving the Müllerian ducts, leading to the formation of an accessory uterine cavity with functional endometrium. The condition mimics endometriosis, adenomyosis, or uterine fibroids on imaging. MRI serves as the diagnostic modality of choice due to its superior soft-tissue characterization. Surgical excision of the accessory cavity is curative and provides long-term symptom relief, preserving fertility. Conclusion: ACUM, though rare, should be considered in young women presenting with refractory dysmenorrhea or chronic pelvic pain. Early recognition and laparoscopic excision result in excellent symptom resolution and improved quality of life.
ACUM, Dysmenorrhea, Müllerian anomalies, Laparoscopy, Uterine malformation
Robotic-Assisted Myomectomy of a Deeply Impacted Retroperitoneal Fibroid Running Head: Robotic Myomectomy of Retroperitoneal Fibroid
Background: Retroperitoneal fibroids are rare benign smooth muscle tumors accounting for approximately 1.2% of all uterine leiomyomas. Their atypical extrauterine location often leads to diagnostic uncertainty and may mimic pelvic malignancies. Minimally invasive and robotic-assisted surgical approaches have recently expanded therapeutic options for such complex cases. Case Presentation: A 49-year-old multiparous woman presented with heavy menstrual bleeding and dull pelvic pain for one year. Clinical examination revealed a firm, immobile mass in the rectovaginal septum. MRI identified a 7×6×5 cm retroperitoneal fibroid with degenerative changes compressing the rectum, along with two smaller uterine fibroids. Tumor markers were normal. The patient underwent robotic-assisted hysterectomy with concomitant myomectomy using the da Vinci Xi system. The retroperitoneal fibroid was safely dissected and delivered vaginally without intraoperative complications. Result: Postoperative recovery was uneventful, and the patient was discharged after 48 hours. Histopathology confirmed benign leiomyoma. At one-month follow-up, she remained asymptomatic. Conclusion: Robotic-assisted surgery provides enhanced visualization and precision, enabling safe removal of deeply impacted retroperitoneal fibroids with minimal morbidity. This case highlights the safety and efficacy of robotic-assisted management in complex gynecologic surgery.
Robotic, Myomectomy, Retroperitoneal fibroid Leiomyoma Robotic surgery
Clinical Profile, Management, and Outcomes of Penile Fracture: A Case Series of Four Patients
Background: Penile fracture is an uncommon urological emergency that requires prompt surgical management to prevent long-term complications such as erectile dysfunction and penile curvature. Material & Methods: We present a case series of four patients with penile fracture managed surgically at our institution. Patient demographics, clinical presentation, operative findings, surgical methods, and outcomes were analyzed. Results: The mean age was 45.7 years (range: 35–58). The duration from injury to presentation varied between 6 and 48 hours. Sexual intercourse was the most common cause (three cases, 75%), with one case resulting from accidental fall on an erect penis. All patients presented with penile pain, swelling, and immediate detumescence; two reported an audible 'snap'. Intraoperative findings revealed tunical tears in the right corpora cavernosa (n=2), left corpora cavernosa (n=1), and bilateral corpora cavernosa (n=1). Surgical repair was performed using subcoronal degloving in three patients and direct incision in one. No urethral injuries were noted. Postoperatively, one patient developed wound infection, managed conservatively. At follow-up, three patients had normal erectile function, while one developed mild penile curvature with preserved functional erections. Conclusion: Early surgical repair of penile fracture results in favorable outcomes. Our series reinforces the importance of prompt diagnosis and intervention to preserve sexual function.
Penile Fracture Surgical repair Erectile Dysfunction Corpora Cavernosa Urological emergency
A Clinical Study of Treatment Outcomes in Patients with Liver Abscess in a Tertiary Care Hospital
Introduction: This study investigated treatment outcomes in 200 patients with liver abscesses over 1.5 years at a tertiary care hospital. Materials & Methods: Patient demographics, clinical presentations, treatment methods, and outcomes such as abscess resolution, complications, and hospital stay duration were examined. Results: Results revealed that antibiotic therapy alone was successful in 72% of cases, particularly for abscesses smaller than 5 cm and in patients who were hemodynamically stable. Percutaneous drainage was employed in 20% of patients, demonstrating a high success rate with minimal complications, and was most effective for abscesses that were not amenable to antibiotic treatment alone. Surgical intervention was required in 8% of cases, especially for large or multi-loculated abscesses, or those with complications like rupture or sepsis, resulting in longer hospital stays and a higher complication rate compared to less invasive treatments. Factors influencing outcomes included abscess size, patient comorbidities, and initial response to antibiotics. Conclusion: The study underscores the significance of early diagnosis and individualized treatment plans in achieving favorable outcomes for patients with liver abscesses. A multidisciplinary approach is recommended for managing complex cases to optimize patient outcomes and minimize complications. The study suggests the need for further prospective research to refine treatment strategies and improve patient care in liver abscess management.
Liver Abscess Treatment Outcomes Antibiotic Therapy Percutaneous Drainage Surgical Intervention Tertiary Care Hospital
Congenital Hyperinsulinaemic Hypoglycaemia
Background: Congenital hyperinsulinism (CHI) is the leading cause of persistent hypoglycaemia in neonates and infants. It is most often associated with ABCC8 and KCNJ11 mutations, and early recognition is vital to prevent neurodevelopmental sequelae. Although genetic testing has improved diagnosis and management, the detection of variants of uncertain significance (VUS) presents challenges for interpretation and counselling. Case Presentation: We describe a male neonate, delivered at 36 weeks by emergency cesarean section for oligohydramnios and abnormal CTG. Soon after birth, he developed respiratory distress requiring NICU admission and ventilatory support. During his stay, he experienced recurrent hypoglycaemic seizures. Biochemical evaluation confirmed hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia. He was treated with diazoxide and hydrochlorothiazide, achieving good glycaemic control. Clinical exome sequencing revealed a heterozygous ABCC8 variant (c.4078G>A; p.Val1360Met), classified as a VUS, associated with leucine sensitive hypoglycaemia of infancy. Discussion & Conclusion: This case highlights the clinical relevance of integrating genetic results with phenotype and therapeutic response in CHI. The identification of an ABCC8 VUS underscores the limitations of current genetic interpretation and the importance of careful follow-up. Preconception counselling, family testing, and ongoing variant reclassification are critical to guide recurrence risk and optimize future pregnancy outcomes.
Congenital hyperinsulinism ABCC8 gene Variant of uncertain significance (VUS) Neonatal hypoglycaemia Diazoxide responsiveness Genetic counselling
To Study Cardiovascular Changes in Patient of Anemia
Introduction: Anemia is a widespread hematological disorder that significantly impacts cardiovascular health due to the reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of blood. Chronic anemia compels the cardiovascular system to initiate compensatory mechanisms, including tachycardia, increased stroke volume, and hyperdynamic circulation, which eventually predispose to structural and functional cardiac changes such as left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), cardiomegaly, arrhythmias, and heart failure. Aim and Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate cardiovascular changes in anemic patients using electrocardiography (ECG), echocardiography, and chest X-ray, with objectives to assess the distribution of anemia types, their association with cardiovascular abnormalities, and the relationship between hemoglobin levels and cardiac function. Materials and Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted in the Department of General Medicine, G.R. Medical College, Gwalior, over 17 months (May 2023–September 2024). A total of 100 anemic patients (Hb <13 g/dL in males, <12 g/dL in females), aged 18–70 years, with equal gender representation, were included. Clinical evaluation, hematological investigations, ECG, echocardiography, and chest X-ray were performed. Data were analyzed using chi-square test to determine associations. Results: Microcytic hypochromic anemia was most common (51%), followed by normocytic normochromic (23%), macrocytic (21%), and dimorphic (5%). Cardiovascular involvement was evident, with LVH in 61%, cardiomegaly in 59%, and ECG abnormalities in 68%, mainly ST depression with T inversion and sinus tachycardia. Significant associations linked microcytic anemia with poor sanitation and worm infestation. Conclusion: Anemia, particularly iron deficiency type, exerts profound cardiovascular effects, with LVH, cardiomegaly, and ECG abnormalities predominating. Early recognition, correction of anemia, and routine cardiac evaluation are crucial for preventing long-term morbidity and mortality.
Anemia Cardiovascular changes Left ventricular hypertrophy Cardiomegaly Echocardiography
A Study of Complications in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients on Haemodialysis at a Tertiary Care Centre
Introduction: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a progressive condition frequently culminating in end-stage renal disease (ESRD), where hemodialysis serves as a life sustaining therapy. However, dialysis is associated with a broad spectrum of complications that adversely affect patient morbidity, quality of life, and treatment outcomes. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and patterns of dialysis-related complications and their correlation with sociodemographic and clinical factors among CKD patients at a tertiary care center. Material and Methods: A hospital based cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Medicine over two years (July 2023–June 2025). Ninety-five adult patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis were included using purposive sampling. Data were collected on demographic details, comorbidities, laboratory findings, and dialysis-related complications. Complications were categorized into patient-related, technical, and vascular access-related groups. Statistical analysis explored associations between complications and clinical variables. Results: The majority of patients were aged 51–70 years (55.79%) with a slight male predominance (53.68%). Hypertension (41.05%) and diabetes mellitus (34.74%) were the most common comorbidities. Cardiovascular complications were the most frequent patient-related events (71.58%), followed by central nervous system manifestations (28.42%). Technical complications included dialyzer reactions (26.32%) and bleeding diathesis (22.11%), while vascular access-related complications comprised steal syndrome (51.58%), central venous thrombosis (18.95%), and cardiac arrest (14.74%). No statistically significant associations were observed between complications and age, gender, dialysis duration, BMI, personal history, or comorbidities, indicating multifactorial etiologies. Conclusion: Complications in hemodialysis patients are diverse, with cardiovascular, technical, and vascular access issues significantly contributing to morbidity. The absence of strong associations with clinical and demographic factors highlights the complexity of risk determinants. Early nephrology referral, individualized dialysis protocols, and multidisciplinary management are essential to mitigate these complications and improve patient outcomes.
Chronic kidney disease Hemodialysis Vascular access Cardiovascular morbidity
Relationship of Femoral Artery Ultrasound Measures of Atherosclerosis in Chronic Kidney Disease: Assessing Atherosclerosis in CKD Via fIMT
Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) substantially elevates the risk of cardiovascular complications, including peripheral arterial disease (PAD). However, the traditional method for PAD screening—the ankle-brachial index (ABI)—may be less effective in CKD patients due to vascular calcification, which can compromise the sensitivity of the test. Given this limitation, the study investigates femoral artery intima-media thickness (fIMT) as a potential early marker of atherosclerosis in individuals with CKD. Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted at Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences between April and September 2024. The study included 50 CKD patients under 50 years of age who underwent lower limb Doppler ultrasonography. Femoral artery intima-media thickness and the presence of plaques were assessed using a high-frequency ultrasound probe. The ABI was calculated for each patient, and renal function was evaluated using estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Additional clinical and demographic data including diabetes, hypertension, and smoking status were recorded. Results: Among the 50 participants, 18% showed increased femoral IMT, while 40% had detectable femoral artery plaques. The presence of plaques was more common in males, diabetics, hypertensives, and smokers. A significant positive correlation was observed between plaque formation and declining eGFR levels. Importantly, some patients with normal ABI values still demonstrated plaque presence on ultrasound, indicating that ABI alone may miss early or subclinical PAD in CKD populations. Conclusion: Femoral artery ultrasonography proved valuable in identifying early atherosclerotic changes in CKD patients, especially in cases where ABI results were within the normal range. These findings suggest that measuring fIMT and detecting plaques via ultrasound can serve as effective, non-invasive methods for early PAD detection in CKD, potentially enabling earlier intervention and improved cardiovascular risk management in this high-risk group.
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) Femoral Intima-Media Thickness (fIMT) Atherosclerosis Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI)
Vocal Pathologies and “GERD” Association in a Tertiary Care Centre of Assam
Background: Vocal pathologies can arise due to multiple etiologies, with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) emerging as a significant extralaryngeal factor. This study evaluates the epidemiological profile and the association between GERD and vocal pathologies in patients attending a tertiary care voice clinic in Assam. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted on 100 patients presenting with voice disorders. Demographic details, clinical history, systemic comorbidities, and laryngoscopic findings were recorded. The Reflux Symptom Index (RSI) was used to assess the presence and severity of GERD. Results: Among the 100 patients, 59% were females. GERD was present in 70% of cases. A strong correlation was observed between GERD and vocal fold pathologies, particularly vocal fold edema (41%), nodules (25%), and polyps (19%). The age group most affected was 46–60 years (30%). Lifestyle factors like tobacco (78%) and caffeine (89%) intake were prevalent. Conclusion: GERD is significantly associated with a spectrum of vocal cord disorders. Early diagnosis using RSI and fiberoptic laryngoscopy, along with GERD management, is essential in preventing chronic vocal injury.
Vocal pathologies GERD Voice disorders Laryngopharyngeal reflux Tertiary care Assam ENT evaluation
Role of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Non-Traumatic Hip Pain
Aim: This study aims to evaluate the role of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) in diagnosing non-traumatic hip pain, focusing on identifying various pathologies, including Avascular Necrosis (AVN), and assessing MRI’s diagnostic accuracy. Introduction: Non- traumatic hip pain can arise from several musculoskeletal and systemic conditions, with Avascular Necrosis (AVN) being one of the most common causes. MRI has become the preferred modality for evaluating hip pathologies due to its ability to provide detailed images of both bone and soft tissue structures. This study investigates the role of MRI in diagnosing these conditions and identifies the prevalence of different hip disorders. MRI is essential not only for detecting common issues like AVN but also for identifying rare conditions, such as tumors and infections, that contribute to hip pain. Materials and Methods: A descriptive study was conducted in the Department of Radiodiagnosis at Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences (KIMS), Bangalore, from July to December 2023. A total of 43 patients (28 males, 15 females) with non-traumatic hip pain underwent MRI evaluation to identify the underlying causes of their symptoms. Results: The most common diagnosis was Avascular Necrosis (AVN), with 30.2% of cases having bilateral AVN. The study also identified AVN (unilateral) in 9.3% of patients. Additionally, tumors such as metastasis/myeloma accounted for 4.6% of cases. Other diagnoses included trochanteric bursitis, hip joint synovitis, and tubercular arthropathy. MRI was critical in diagnosing these conditions, particularly AVN, and was instrumental in early-stage detection. Conclusion: MRI plays a vital role in diagnosing non-traumatic hip pain, particularly Avascular Necrosis. It offers superior diagnostic accuracy, allowing for early detection of hip disorders, including tumors, infections, and other musculoskeletal pathologies. Early diagnosis through MRI enables timely interventions, improving patient outcomes and preventing further complications.
Diabetic foot disease Ultrasound MRI Early diagnosis Radiological imaging
Unraveling Obstructive Jaundice: A Comparative Analysis of USG and MRCP
Background: Obstructive jaundice, caused by mechanical blockage in the biliary system, presents a common diagnostic challenge in gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary medicine. Early and accurate identification of the underlying etiology and level of obstruction is vital for guiding treatment. Ultrasonography (USG) is often used as the first-line imaging modality due to its accessibility and cost-effectiveness, whereas Magnetic Resonance Cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) has emerged as a superior non-invasive technique for detailed evaluation of the biliary tract. Objective: To compare the diagnostic efficacy of USG and MRCP in identifying the cause and location of obstructive jaundice, and to assess their respective sensitivity, specificity, and overall diagnostic accuracy. Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted involving 40 patients with clinical and biochemical features of obstructive jaundice. Each participant underwent both USG and MRCP using standardized protocols. Imaging results were evaluated against clinical findings and, when available, ERCP data. Diagnostic metrics including sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and accuracy were computed. Results: Of the 40 patients, choledocholithiasis was the most common cause (52%), followed by CBD stricture (15%) and periampullary carcinoma (7%). MRCP demonstrated superior diagnostic performance with a sensitivity of 94.87%, specificity of 50%, PPV of 97.42%, NPV of 20%, and accuracy of 92.68%. In comparison, USG yielded a sensitivity of 67.75%, specificity of 33.3%, PPV of 86.6%, NPV of 10%, and accuracy of 65%. MRCP was particularly effective in detecting distal CBD lesions and rare entities like Lemmel syndrome. Conclusion: MRCP is significantly more accurate than USG in diagnosing both benign and malignant causes of obstructive jaundice. While USG remains a valuable initial screening tool, MRCP should be considered essential for comprehensive diagnostic assessment and treatment planning.
Obstructive jaundice MRCP Ultrasonography Biliary obstruction Diagnostic imaging
Radiological approach for early diagnosis of diabetic foot disease
Introduction: Diabetic foot disease (DFD) is a serious complication of diabetes mellitus, leading to ulcers, infections, and amputations. Early detection is critical to prevent severe morbidity. This study investigates the effectiveness of various radiological modalities in diagnosing DFD at its early stages, particularly before ulcer formation. Aim and Objective: To diagnose diabetic foot disease in its early stage and evaluate the role of different radiological modalities—especially ultrasound and MRI—in its early detection and monitoring, thereby enabling timely management and prevention of progression to advanced disease. Materials and Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted on 96 diabetic patients with suspected early foot complications. All patients underwent ultrasound with Doppler assessment. MRI was performed in 24% of patients based on clinical indication. Imaging findings were correlated with clinical data and monitored over time. Ethical clearance and informed consent were obtained. Results: The study population consisted predominantly of males (58.33%) aged 46–60 years (38.54%). Symptomatic presentations were more common (66.67%). Atherosclerosis was the most frequent risk factor (66%), followed by poor glycemic control (19.61%). Ultrasound detected abnormalities in 73 of 96 cases, yielding a 76% diagnostic capability. MRI identified changes in 14 of 23 patients, yielding a 60% diagnostic capability. Ultrasound was effective in identifying vascular and soft tissue changes, while MRI provided detailed soft tissue and bone marrow evaluation in complex cases. Conclusion: Ultrasound is a valuable first-line imaging modality in early DFD diagnosis. MRI serves as an essential adjunct in selected cases. Integrating both into diabetic foot evaluation protocols enhances early detection and improves patient outcomes.
Diabetic foot disease; ultrasound; MRI; early diagnosis; radiological imaging
The Role of Point of Care Ultrasound (POCUS) in Maternal Emergencies: Advancements, Applications, and Impact on Outcomes
Introduction: Maternal emergencies are significant contributors to maternal morbidity and mortality, particularly in resource-limited settings where rapid diagnosis and intervention are crucial. Point-of-Care Ultrasound (POCUS) has emerged as a valuable tool for real-time, bedside diagnosis, enabling prompt clinical decision-making in critical obstetric scenarios such as ectopic pregnancy, postpartum hemorrhage, and hypertensive emergencies. Aim and Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the role of POCUS in the timely diagnosis and improved management of maternal emergencies. The primary objective was to assess its impact on diagnosis time and clinical outcomes compared to traditional methods. Materials and Methods: prospective observational study included 80 UPT-positive pregnant women with maternal emergencies at Maharani Laxmi Bai Medical College, Jhansi. Bedside POCUS using a portable BPL machine was performed. Emergencies included hemorrhage, ectopic pregnancy, seizures, shock, and reduced fetal movements. Patients with chronic illnesses or no consent were excluded. Diagnosis time and outcomes were compared. Ethical clearance was obtained. Results: POCUS significantly reduced diagnosis time in all categories of maternal emergencies, with the most notable reduction in ectopic pregnancy (mean time saved: 55 minutes) and preeclampsia/eclampsia (50 minutes). Out of 80 cases, 63 had resolved outcomes, while 17 developed complications. The highest resolution rate was observed in postpartum hemorrhage cases. POCUS facilitated early triage and management, contributing to improved maternal outcomes. Conclusion: POCUS is a valuable tool in maternal emergencies, enabling rapid and accurate diagnosis that improves clinical outcomes. Its integration into standard obstetric care, particularly in low-resource settings, is essential for reducing maternal complications and mortality through timely intervention and effective management.
POCUS Maternal emergencies Diagnostic delay Obstetric ultrasound Emergency care
Role of Imaging in Diagnosis of Rare Case of Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) is an uncommon but highly curable pediatric malignancy, rarely diagnosed in children below ten years of age due to its subtle, nonspecific clinical presentation. We report a rare case of classical HL in a 7- year-old male presenting with low-grade fever, dry cough, pallor, and cervical lymphadenopathy. The patient had been empirically started on anti-tubercular therapy without improvement. Clinical evaluation revealed hepatosplenomegaly and widespread lymphadenopathy. Chest X-ray and abdominal ultrasonography were suggestive of a mediastinal mass and multiple splenic lesions. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) confirmed a large, homogeneously enhancing mediastinal mass with vascular encasement and extensive abdominal nodal involvement. Based on imaging and clinical features, the case was classified as stage IVB Hodgkin lymphoma per Lugano classification. Histopathological confirmation was achieved through lymph node biopsy revealing Reed-Sternberg cells. Multimodal imaging played a pivotal role not only in initial detection and staging but also in identifying biopsy sites and guiding therapeutic decisions. This case underscores the diagnostic value of integrated imaging-including ultrasound, CECT, and PET/CT-in accurately evaluating pediatric lymphomas, especially in atypical age groups. It also highlights the risk of misdiagnosis and treatment delays when empirical therapies like ATT are initiated without confirmatory histology. Prompt imaging and tissue diagnosis are vital to ensure timely intervention and optimal outcomes. A multidisciplinary approach, integrating radiologic, pathologic, and clinical expertise, is crucial for managing such rare pediatric malignancies and improving long-term prognosis.
Pediatric lymphoma Hodgkin's lymphoma Mediastinal mass Multimodal imaging Lugano classification
Odontogenic Keratocyst of Mandible in 20 Years Old Male Patient
Introduction: Odontogenic keratocyst (OKC) is a benign yet potentially aggressive cystic lesion of odontogenic origin, commonly affecting the posterior mandible in young adults. It is characterized by a high recurrence rate and distinctive histopathological features. This case report presents a 20-year-old male who reported right mandibular pain and swelling following a road traffic accident. Non-contrast computed tomography (NCCT) revealed a large, well-defined multiloculated radiolucent lesion extending to the condylar base with cortical expansion but no soft tissue invasion. Ultrasonography confirmed a hypoechoic cystic lesion, and fine- needle aspiration cytology was inconclusive. Histopathological examination revealed parakeratinized stratified squamous epithelium with palisading basal cells, consistent with OKC. Surgical management involved enucleation, peripheral ostectomy, and application of Carnoy's solution. The procedure was completed under general anesthesia via an intraoral approach, with care taken to preserve vital structures, including the inferior alveolar nerve. Postoperative recovery was uneventful, with resolution of symptoms within a week, no infection or nerve injury, and normal masticatory function. Follow-up radiographs at one and three months showed progressive bone healing, and no recurrence was noted at six months. This case emphasizes the importance of detailed imaging, histopathological correlation, and a multidisciplinary surgical approach in successfully managing OKC. The use of adjunctive chemical cauterization and vigilant follow-up contributed to the favorable short-term outcome. The findings support evidence in the literature regarding individualized surgical planning and long-term monitoring to prevent recurrence and ensure optimal recovery in young patients.
Odontogenic keratocyst Mandible CTimaging Enucleation Recurrence
Predictive Value of Cord Blood Albumin For Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia in Term Newborns: A Prospective Study
Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the predictive value of cord blood albumin (CBA) levels in assessing the risk of neonatal hyper-bilirubinemia (NNH) in term newborns and determine an optimal CBA threshold for phototherapy (PT) prediction. Introduction: Neonatal jaundice affects 60% of term and 80% of preterm infants. Severe cases need timely intervention to prevent kernicterus. Early discharge increases undiagnosed jaundice risk, especially in low-resource settings. CBA - Cord blood Albumin is a potential biomarker for identifying high-risk newborns, enabling early intervention and follow-up planning. Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted at Jagannath Gupta Institute of Medical Sciences and Hospital, Kolkata, over 18 months (July 2022 - December 2023). Eighty term newborns meeting inclusion criteria were enrolled. CBA levels were measured at birth, and total serum bilirubin (TSB) was assessed at 72 hours. The requirement for phototherapy was determined using AAP guidelines. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS version 26. Results: Of the 80 newborns, 13 (16.25%) developed significant jaundice, requiring phototherapy but not exchange transfusion. Newborns were categorized by CBA levels: ≤2.8 g/dL (81. 8% developed jaundice), 2.9–3.3 g/dL (9.3% developed jaundice), and ≥3.4 g/dL (0% developed jaundice). A significant negative correlation (r = -0.41, p < 0.00001) was found between CBA and TSB levels, confirming that lower CBA levels were associated with higher bilirubin levels. Conclusion: CBA ≤2.8 g/dL strongly predicts neonatal jaundice, while CBA ≥3.4 g/dL is protective. CBA measurement at birth serves as a low-cost screening tool for identifying newborns at risk, guiding early discharge and follow-up decisions. Larger studies are needed to establish standardized CBA thresholds for routine screening.
Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia Cord blood Albumin Phototherapy Neonatal Jaundice Bilirubin Early Discharge Risk Stratification
A Rare Case of Vocal Mucosal Fold: Case Report
Background: Vocal cord mucosal folds are rare benign lesions that can significantly impact voice quality, especially in vocal professionals such as singers. These lesions may cause respiratory distress and alterations in vocal quality, which can progressively worsen if not treated appropriately. Early diagnosis and surgical intervention are critical for restoring voice function and preventing long-term complications. Case Presentation: We present the case of a 43-year-old male singer who reported a gradual onset of respiratory distress and change in voice over six months. Endoscopic examination revealed a vocal cord flap originating from the left vocal cord, while all other clinical and laboratory parameters remained within normal limits. Pre-anaesthetic evaluation confirmed fitness for microlaryngoscopic excision, which was performed successfully without intraoperative complications. The patient recovered well post-operatively and was discharged the next day. A structured voice therapy program was initiated, leading to notable improvement in the Voice Handicap Index (VHI-10) scores, reflecting enhanced vocal quality and reduced symptoms. At subsequent follow-ups, the patient maintained stable voice quality, with no evidence of recurrence. Conclusion: Microlaryngoscopic excision of vocal cord mucosal folds, combined with post-operative voice therapy, is an effective strategy for symptom relief and voice restoration in vocal professionals. Early intervention and structured rehabilitation are key to achieving optimal vocal recovery.
Vocal cord Mucosal fold singer Microlaryngoscopy Voice therapy
What is NMC Indexed or NMC Approved Journals?
The National Medical Commission (NMC) released guidelines in 2021 regarding faculty eligibility and journal indexing for research publications in medical institutions. To address the confusion surrounding journal selection, the term “NMCindexed Journal” was introduced to refer to journals indexed in Medline, PubMed Central, Science Citation Index, Science Citation Index Expanded, Embase, Scopus, and the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ). These guidelines impact faculty promotions, making it essential to verify journal indexing before submission. Many medical professionals face challenges in identifying credible journals, as misleading claims about indexing are common. Predatory journals often advertise fast-track publication services for commercial gains, which can misguide researchers. Verification through official indexing databases such as DOAJ, Scopus, PubMed, and Clarivate Analytics is crucial to ensure legitimacy. Faculty members should check journal indexing at the time of publication and confirm the presence of print and online ISSN numbers. Additionally, a journal's classification as international requires editorial board representation from multiple countries and international manuscript submissions. Newly established journals are often ineligible for recognized indexing, necessitating scrutiny before submission. To aid researchers in journal selection, a web tool (https://nmcindexedjournals.org/) has been developed to verify journal indexing as per NMC guidelines. This platform helps differentiate between legitimate indexed journals and predatory ones, promoting ethical publication practices and enhancing research credibility. Ensuring adherence to NMC indexing criteria is vital for maintaining academic integrity and the quality of medical literature.
NMC- Indexed journals Medical research Journal selection Predatory journals Indexing verification
Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Recent Advances in Applied Sciences (pISSN 0970-1990)
A Clinical Study on Appendicular Perforation and its Management
Introduction: Appendicular perforation (AP) is a severe complication of acute appendicitis, associated with significant morbidity and mortality. This study aims to evaluate the clinical profile, intraoperative findings, and postoperative complications in patients with appendicular perforation. Aim and Objective: To analyse the prevalence, clinical presentation, surgical outcomes, and complications of appendicular perforation compared to nonperforated appendicitis. Materials & Methods: A prospective study was conducted over one year, including 90 patients diagnosed and surgically managed for acute appendicitis and its complications. Data on demographic details, clinical features, intraoperative findings, and postoperative outcomes were collected and analysed statistically. Results: Out of 90 patients, 25 (27.8%) had appendicular perforation, with a male predominance (76%, p=0.04). Appendicular perforation was most prevalent in children aged 0–10 years (46.15%) and adults 50 years (40%). Late presentation (≥72 hours) was observed in 88% of perforation cases (p=0.02). Fever was significantly more common in perforation cases (72%) than nonperforated appendicitis (41.5%, p=0.0096). The distal third of the appendix was the most common perforation site (56%). Postoperative complications, including surgical site infection (28%, p=0.01) and prolonged ileus (16%, p=0.027), were higher in perforation cases, with a median hospital stays of six days. Conclusion: Appendicular perforation predominantly affects males, extremes of age, and those with delayed presentations. It is associated with higher rates of fever, distal appendix perforation, and postoperative complications, including infections and ileus. Prompt diagnosis and management are crucial to reducing morbidity.
Appendicular perforation Acute appendicitis Delayed presentation Postoperative complications
i AMF – CENTRALIZED DATABASE OF ARBUSCULARMYCORRHIZAL DISTRIBUTION, PHYLOGENY AND TAXONOMY
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal database, named iAMF (www.amfungi.aurobindo.du.ac.in) is first digital database on biodiversity and phylogeny of these beneficial fungi in India. It provides access to data on 161 species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) along with comprehensive information on their GPS location of reported occurrence, taxonomy, molecular sequence, phylogeny and bibliography. The database is based on primary data collected by authors through ongoing surveys (year 2009-2017) and secondary data from earlier studies (2008–2016). Data is carefully curated to verify that it corresponds to the reference publication and a valid species name is used. Apart from being ecological meta-analysis data source, it would have significant application in selection of non-indigenous AMF inoculum in agriculture, reforestation, horticultural and land reclamation practices.
EFFECT OF SALINITY ON SOME MORPHOPHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERS OF SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS-REGENERATED PLANTS OF PINEAPPLE [Ananas comosus (L.) MERR. CV. SMOOTH CAYENNE]
Pineapple in Côte d'Ivoire is going through problems of various origins. Reviving this state imperatively requires both to clean up the plant material and to select varieties which easily adapt to the current pedoclimatic conditions of growing areas. This work assesses the impact of salinity on regenerated pineapple plants by somatic embryogenesis. The tests were carried out in polyethylene bags filled with sea sand, under semi-controlled conditions. Regenerated pineapple plants were watered with six saline solutions (2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 14 g/L). Control plants were watered with water. The results revealed that salt stress reduces the studied morphophysiological parameters (number of leaves and roots, length of leaves and roots, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll content, the carotenoids content and the relative water content). Pineapple tolerates low salt levels (2 and 4 g/L). However, important disturbances were observed in the metabolism of stressed plants with high levels of NaCl (6 and 10 g/L). As an adaptation strategy to maintain its metabolism from this stress, pineapple responded by accumulating proline. The highest saline content (14 g/L) was found to be lethal for pineapple plants.
BUILD VERY SIMPLE DESIGN AND COST EFFECTIVE GEIGER-MULLER COUNTER
This paper describes our first undergraduate project experience, final report and findings on the subject matter. Initially according to our project title, we were focused on developing a low cost detector which can detect radiation only. To make one of these kinds of detector doesn't take much and can be prepared at fairly low cost being very common project in nuclear science arena. The Geiger-Muller tube, or GM tube, is an extremely useful and inexpensive way to detect radiation. While the GM tube can only detect the presence and intensity of radiation, this is often all that is needed.