Catalytic Hydrolysis of Ester Linkage in Starch-derived Polylactic Acid (PLA): A Sustainable Approach toward Bioplastics

Abstract

Introduction: Polylactic acid (PLA) is an economically important bio-based and biodegradable polyester increasingly used as an alternative to conventional petroleum-derived plastics. Its renewability, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and mechanical properties comparable to conventional plastics make it valuable for sustainable material development. PLA can be produced from renewable agricultural resources, including starch and cellulose, through physical, chemical, and biological processing. Its environmental degradation is influenced by several intrinsic and extrinsic factors, including crystallinity, pH, temperature, and hydrophilicity.

Aim & Objective: This review aimed to summarize the chemical composition and physicochemical characteristics of PLA, describe its production from starch-based renewable feedstocks, evaluate its degradation mechanisms, and highlight its major applications in different sectors.

Materials & Methods: A narrative review approach was adopted to examine available scientific literature concerning PLA production, properties, biodegradation, degradation mechanisms, and applications. Relevant information on renewable feedstocks, processing methods, ester-bond cleavage, catalytic and hydrolytic degradation, and environmental factors affecting degradation was synthesized.

Results: PLA is primarily produced from renewable carbohydrate-rich materials such as starch and cellulose. Its degradation occurs through both biotic and abiotic pathways. Biotic degradation involves microbial and enzymatic activity, whereas hydrolytic degradation involves cleavage of ester bonds in the polymer backbone. Abiotic processes can facilitate subsequent mineralization under suitable environmental conditions. The degradation rate is strongly influenced by polymer crystallinity, molecular structure, hydrophilicity, pH, temperature, and environmental conditions. PLA demonstrates diverse applications in packaging, agriculture, biomedical materials, food-related products, and other industrial sectors.

Conclusion: PLA represents a promising sustainable alternative to conventional plastics because of its renewable origin, biodegradability, biocompatibility, and favorable mechanical properties. Understanding its production and degradation mechanisms is essential for optimizing performance, improving environmental degradation, and expanding its applications across various sectors.

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