A Clinical Study on the Profile, Severity, and Risk Factors of Bronchiolitis in Children Aged 1–24 MonthsAdmitted to the Department of Pediatrics, Jhalawar Medical College

Abstract

 Background: Bronchiolitis is a prevalent lower respiratory tract infection predominantly affecting infants and young children, particularly those aged under two years. It is commonly associated with viral pathogens, most notably respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and represents a leading cause of pediatric hospitalization. While medical risk factors are well-documented, the role of non-medical contributors such as feeding practices and environmental exposures is gaining attention. Objectives: This study aimed to examine the clinical profile and outcomes of bronchiolitis in children aged 1–24 months and to analyze identifiable risk factors associated with the severity of the disease. Methods: A prospective observational study at Jhalawar Medical College included 218 children (1–24 months) with newly diagnosed bronchiolitis. Exclusions were prior wheezing, congenital anomalies, and immunodeficiencies. Data were collected via semi-structured questionnaires. Severity was assessed using the Wood Downes Score, and statistical analysis was done using Epi Info and Open Epi. Results: Most cases occurred in children aged 1–12 months (88.5%), with a male predominance (57.8%). Peak incidence was observed during winter months, particularly December and January. Severity was mild in 40.8%, moderate in 39.5%, and severe in 19.7% of cases. Severity correlated significantly with younger age, low birth weight, bottle feeding, lack of exclusive breastfeeding, exposure to passive smoking, indoor allergens, larger family size, joint family structure, lower socioeconomic status, and presence of upper respiratory infections in family members (p < 0.05). Severe cases required prolonged oxygen therapy and longer hospital stays. Conclusion: Bronchiolitis is most severe in younger infants and is influenced by both medical and modifiable non-medical risk factors. Public health measures targeting these preventable factors could help reduce disease severity and healthcare burden.