To Study Cardiovascular Changes in Patient of Anemia

Abstract

 Introduction: Anemia is a widespread hematological disorder that significantly impacts cardiovascular health due to the reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of blood. Chronic anemia compels the cardiovascular system to initiate compensatory mechanisms, including tachycardia, increased stroke volume, and hyperdynamic circulation, which eventually predispose to structural and functional cardiac changes such as left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), cardiomegaly, arrhythmias, and heart failure.

Aim and Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate cardiovascular changes in anemic patients using electrocardiography (ECG), echocardiography, and chest X-ray, with objectives to assess the distribution of anemia types, their association with cardiovascular abnormalities, and the relationship between hemoglobin levels and cardiac function.

Materials and Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted in the Department of General Medicine, G.R. Medical College, Gwalior, over 17 months (May 2023–September 2024). A total of 100 anemic patients (Hb <13 g/dL in males, <12 g/dL in females), aged 18–70 years, with equal gender representation, were included. Clinical evaluation, hematological investigations, ECG, echocardiography, and chest X-ray were performed. Data were analyzed using chi-square test to determine associations.

Results: Microcytic hypochromic anemia was most common (51%), followed by normocytic normochromic (23%), macrocytic (21%), and dimorphic (5%). Cardiovascular involvement was evident, with LVH in 61%, cardiomegaly in 59%, and ECG abnormalities in 68%, mainly ST depression with T inversion and sinus tachycardia. Significant associations linked microcytic anemia with poor sanitation and worm infestation.

Conclusion: Anemia, particularly iron deficiency type, exerts profound cardiovascular effects, with LVH, cardiomegaly, and ECG abnormalities predominating. Early recognition, correction of anemia, and routine cardiac evaluation are crucial for preventing long-term morbidity and mortality.